poems and their sense 5th year

POEMS AND THEIR SENSE 

If we took a walk down the river, we would start at the source, a spring then.

This stream flows across the Common and kisses with laughter, a tributary, under the railway embankment.

Across the wide flatlands, there is a group of allotments, 

the soil fertile from the Ice Age

and more recent accumulations of love done and finished in the marshes.

And

I had one romantic dream

and designed a perfect trip through Europe,

a "story" I wish I could re-read, re-watch, and re-live over and over again 

backwards the rest of my life.

A "story" to compensate her back for in return.

Across all the forgotten places of Europe, I took her with me,

by cottages with old people and by streams where life just went on in silence,

the old peoples love long extinguished by memory but not by  nearness

and one day they were you and me.

Old people like this  you passed on trains in places you would never see again, they will be you and me, and love 

will be extinguished 

but nearness will continue

1.What does it mean "backwards the rest of  my life"

2.The line To compensate her back for in return. What is the normal language to say this

3.What happens to the two lovers in the end.Are they happy 

4.Why do you think the poet has one romantic dream

5.5. what does the poet mean about love and nearness

6.Whats the difference between a poem and a story

lovers and loving 5th year class topic for discussion

Rock-a-bye baby
In the tree top,
When the wind blows
The cradle will rock.
When the bough breaks,
The cradle will fall,
And down will come baby
Cradle and all."
~  from "Rock-a-bye Baby," first printed c. 1765.

Probably for as long as nursery rhymes, fairy tales and lullabies have been around, people have commented about their stories' high-cruelty and high-severity of consequences.  The lyrics above, from maybe the most famous of English-language lullabies is no exception.  Yet many mothers understand the lyrics;  they understand how their love for their child is kindred to watching their own heart get up and walk outside of them - beyond their control - beyond their ability to safeguard, yet still carrying all of their hopes.

After hearing the artful lyric, a natural question that may arise is:

Why do our loves reside so often out on a limb?

I confess have no credentials, and no way to prove I know what it takes to be a “competent lover,” let alone a “good lover” (if such a thing could ever be proved).  But I can prove, using clear, objective measures, I am a good financial investor.
Being a Good Lover is Remarkably Similar to Being a Good Investor
To be a good investor, you have to look at most of your assets and ask the question:  Where are the best places to invest them?  As an investor, you cannot simply put all your assets into “cash in the bank” and play it safe most of the time – not if you want to experience better-than-average returns on your investments.

Possibly against many expectations, to be a good investor, to achieve better-than-average returns, you have to be exposed to huge downside risks almost every day.

Why?  The best investment returns are achieved through owning percentage ownership (or complete ownership) of business enterprises.  And the common stock market’s valuation of business enterprises is often “volatile,” a romantic technical word that practically translates to:  At the start of each business day, and each night when you lay your head down and try to go to sleep, you do so with the knowledge that on that day, or sometime during that night, you could lose a huge percentage of your wealth (as worldwide stock investors have experienced steadily, most nights these last seven trading days).

To be a great financial investor, you have to take most of your assets and invest them into enterprises outside and beyond yourself.

Love relationships are remarkably similar.
If an investor were to look at the daily percentage price moves of common stocks, they might be surprised to see that even during positive “bull” markets (where prices are appreciating) it is possible on most days for stocks to still lose value.  There can be more “losing” days than “winning” days in an asset class, even if the asset class is increasing in value over the long-term.
Even great investors’ assets can lose money most days.  Being a great investor is not about “winning most days.”  With investing, it doesn’t matter what happens “most days;” rather, it matters if you can realize great benefits at some point in the future.
Similarly, good lovers should not expect that “most days” are going to be winning.  They might be.  They might be in the big picture.  But if they are not winning most days, that sometimes happens – even when you are doing the right things and are on a good path.  A great lover, or a great investor, can feel, or have clear indications more days than not, that things are not clearly going in their favor. 
If a person plays it safe and doesn’t extend themselves every day into love relationships, they may face less drama, loss, and constant exposure to volatility.  But they are also less likely to have enduring love relationships, because love relationships, in the real world, involve volatile people, and the constant exposure to others’ actions, which are always beyond your control.
Investors who always focus on playing it safe, by always staying in cash or fixed-return instruments, don’t face as much volatility (but oddly, less-visibly, they may be exposing themselves to more risk – but that is a whole other long, complicated discussion – for another day, another post).  Almost always, in financial investing, the net long-term result of “reducing risk and always playing it safe” is:  The return-on-investments is less, and those kinds of investments (cash and cash equivalents) slowly bleed net value – as their purchasing power diminishes because of the effects of inflation (and taxation).
It is very likely that there are brilliant, great people who are successful for most, or all, of their lives because they spend their time reducing their exposures to risks.  But, personally, I doubt those people are great lovers – and they are never great financial investors.
To love is to risk.
There is no love without constant exposure to many significant risks.  Generally, the more you love, the more you expose yourself to risks.
To be in love is to be at risk.
You can reduce your risk of loss, but that will also likely reduce your involvement in loving relationships.

To be a good lover, you choose to live out on a limb . . . to some degree, all the time.  That’s where lovers live.  Similarly, that’s where great financial investors live most of the time.

- -

VICTORIAN RAILWAYS http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/victorianbritain/pdf/happy.pdf

THE GREAT EXHIBITION

The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations  as a celebration of modern industrial technology and design of the British empire . It was arguably a response to the highly successful French Industrial Exposition of 1844: indeed, its prime motive was for "Great Britain [to make] clear to the world its role as industrial leader Great Britain sought to prove its own superiority.It was housed in the Crystal Palace situated in hyde Park

 The Crystal Palace was a cast-iron and plate-glass building originally erected in Hyde Park, London, England, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. More than 14,000 exhibitors from around the world gathered in the Palace's 990,000 square feet (92,000 m²) of exhibition space to display examples of the latest technology developed in the Industrial Revolution. Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton, the Great Exhibition building was 1,851 feet (564 m) long, with an interior height of 128 feet (39 m). Because of the recent invention of the cast plate glass method in 1848, which allowed for large sheets of cheap but strong glass, it was at the time the largest amount of glass ever seen in a building and astonished visitors with its clear walls and ceilings that did not require interior lights, thus a "Crystal Palace".

."Most of the people who were workers  came to the Great
exhibition  on ' Shilling Days ' by train , often from the 
North of England. King's Cross station was opened
and in 1850 there were nearly 7,000 kilometers of track linking
London with the cities of the Midlands and the North. ( Worthing, a typical seaside town opened up for victorians to have holidays because of the railways  )

The most popular way of getting the Great Exhibition was
with the purchase of a ticket that included a train ride back and
entry . These could cost you 4, 5 or 6 shillings. hundreds of
thousands of people have taken advantage of these day trips ,
who had the idea of ​​Thomas Cook. The railways were to make a big difference for leisure
activities of the Victorians . Not only are the opportunities for
Holidays and day trips has increased , sporting events also increased
in popularity. Special trains and trips were made ​​to take people
for the races , cricket matches or the FA Cup final , which was
held for the first time in 1872.
was not just spectators who
benefited the clubs that were initiated in many
of the cities of Britain could now move out to play
against each other.







  1871 with the advent of the railways people could go on holidays but also the great exhibition ,which was the crowning glory of the british empire ,was held in Hyde Park , the railways enabled thousands to travel to it.

great Exhibition
1851

Thomas Cook began his activity in 1841 , but the Great
Exhibition  gave him his big break .
He booked trains from all over Britain to take people to the
Great Exhibition and charged them a fixed price for the
return trip and the ticket. Overnight  he had invented
the ' Day Out ' . As business grew Cook began to offer
excursions to more and more places, including trips to other
European countries. When the son of Thomas Cook took over
the family business he created overseas tours and
offered a wider choice of excursions. Soon the railroad
companies began to manage their
their own  excursions.

At first , the railway companies  tried to avoid catering to the
masses and preferred to run the trains only offered according to class
and first-class coaches . They also tried to avoid stopping
their trains at each station . But in 1844 the Railways Act
stated that at least one train per day must stop at every station
and include third-class carriages . Now a large number of
Victorian poor  could afford to travel . The rich could also take
their horses with them on special excursions to hunt! The railways were to make a revolution for leisure
activities of the Victorians . Not only  the opportunities for
Holidays and day trips  increased but sporting events also increased
in popularity. Special trains and trips were made ​​to take people
to the races , cricket matches or the FA Cup final , which was
held for the first time in 1872.  not just spectators
benefited but the clubs  could now move out to play
against each other.







In 1888 the Football League was founded. This was made
up of professional teams . It would have been impossible for
the first teams to have traveled to play away
without regular trains . So the railroads were crucial in
the development of professional football in Britain.

But many of these developments affected only the best
people in Britain . For most working people, the important
changes were the day cheap returns that many railroad
companies  began to offer .
As stated Holidays began in 1871 and so began the
the great English tradition of the day at sea , together with
sticks of rock candy , walking along the pier , funfair
rides and fish and chips . The first fish and chip shops
appeared in 1860.
The Victorian age was the greatest period of Railways
in Great Britain. The railways almost completely wiped out everything
other forms of transport and made ​​the long-distance travel
possible for a large number of people for the first
time . Thuis was ther greatest social revolution of all time 
Every town of any importance has been added by
national network , but many smaller towns were not
connected .
This meant that people could, for the first time, live miles away from their places of
work. Around London, suburbs began to develop for the first time and people
traveled up to 20 miles to London to work every day .
 Colonel Charles
Sibthorp , who was a great opponent of the Crystal Palace , was also contrary
the development of the railways. However , he dropped his opposition when he realized
it would be possible for him to travel to and from his constituency in Lincoln
much more quickly.
 For the first time seaside
villages began to flourish. In the past, places like Brighton were only for '
rich, the mid-nineteenth century , more people were able to
enjoy the pleasures of the sea and a great British tradition was created.
In 1888 the Football League was founded. This was made
up of professional teams . It would have been impossible for
the first teams to have traveled to play away
without regular trains .
Around 2,000 spectators paid a shilling each to attend the first FA Cup final, between Wanderers and Royal Engineers, at the Oval in 1872. It was a large attendance in football terms, but but nothing compared to the 20,000 that international cricket matches could attract to the same ground. However, as our table below shows, football attendances grew along with the game’s popularity as the Victorian era progressed.

FA Cup Final gates increased from 6,500 in 1882 to 22,000 in 1889. The 1892 final – the 20th at the Oval – drew a crowd of almost 33,000 spectators. After that, however, Surrey CCC decided that it could no longer allow football to damage its wickets. The final was moved to Fallowfield Stadium in Manchester, then Goodison Park in Liverpool, before finding a new permanent venue at the Crystal Palace. Almost 69,000 attended the FA Cup Final there in 1900.

The great occasion of the FA Cup final drew substantially higher crowds than top league matches. However, league attendances did increase steadily from the Football League’s inception in 1888-89 through to the end of the Victorian era. Our table shows attendances for selected league matches between the two top-supported clubs of each season.So the railroads were very important in
the development of professional football in Britain.

THE BIRTH OF MEN'S FASHION AND THE REGENCY 1st year

In the early 19th century, British dandy Beau Brummell redefined and adapted a new style for men , then popularised it, leading European men to wearing well-cut, tailored clothes, adorned with carefully knotted neckties.  He claimed he took five hours a day to dress, and recommended that boots be polished with champagne.His style of dress is often referred to as dandyism.The simplicity of the new clothes and their sombre colours contrasted strongly with the extravagant, foppish styles just before. Brummell's influence introduced the modern era of men's clothing which now includes the modern suit and necktie. Moreover, he introduced a whole new era of grooming and style, including regular (daily) bathing as part of a man's toilet.Brummell was born in London, the younger son of William Brummell, a politician, of Donnington Grove in Berkshire.

In this regency period, the predominant upper-class clothing introduced by Brummell for day wear was a tightly fitting, with non-matching (usually pale) trousers, pale waistcoat, white shirt and cravat and tall boots.

The linkage of clothing with political protest had become a particularly English characteristic during the 18th century. Given these connotations, dandyism can be seen as a political protestation against the rise of levelling egalitarian principles

Egalitarianism is a trend of thought that favors equality for all people. Egalitarian doctrines maintain that all humans are equal in fundamental worth or social status, 

A dandy (also known as a beau or gallant) is a man who places particular importance upon physical appearance, refined language, and leisurely hobbies, pursued with the appearance of nonchalance in a cult of Self.Historically, especially in late 18th- and early 19th-century Britain, a dandy, who was self-made, often strove to imitate an aristocratic lifestyle despite coming from a middle-class background.Charles Baudelaire, in the later, "metaphysical" phase of dandyism defined the dandy as one who elevates æsthetics to a living religion,  that the dandy's mere existence reproaches the responsible citizen of the middle class:
Aesthetics  is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty. It is more scientifically defined as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste. More broadly, scholars in the field define aesthetics as "critical reflection on art, culture and nature.^"

The Regency era in the United Kingdom is the period between 1811 and 1820, when King George III was deemed unfit to rule and his son, the Prince of Wales, ruled as his proxy as Prince Regent. In 1820 the Prince Regent became George IV on the death of his father.

The term, "Regency era", sometimes refers to a more extended time frame than the decade of the formal Regency. The period between 1795 and 1837 (the latter part of the reign of George III and the reigns of his sons George IV, as Prince Regent and King, and William IV) was characterized by distinctive trends in British architecture, literature, fashions, politics, and culture. If "Regency era" is being used to describe the transition between "Georgian" and "Victorian" eras, the focus is on the "pre-Victorian" period from 1811, when the formal Regency began, until 1837 when Queen Victoria succeeded William IV. If, however, "Regency era" is being contrasted with "the Eighteenth century", then the period includes the later French Revolutionary Wars and theNapoleonic Wars.In the English language the title Prince Regent is most commonly associated with George IV, who held the style HRH The Prince Regent during the incapacity, by dint of mental illness, of his father, George III (see Regent for other regents). Regent's Park,Regent Street and Regent's Canal(which he commissioned) in London where all named in honour of him.

This period is known as the British Regency, or just the Regency

1. What kind of fashion do you like

2,Why is it important to be "in fashion" or fashionable or cool

3. Do you think fashion goes together with what class you belong to? Does fashion classify you? Does it make you part of a certain group

4.Fashion has never been so important as it is now, why?

5. And why does fashion change quickly?

6. What fashion do you hate?

LOVE. WHAT'S LOVE GOT TO DO WITH IT ? unfinished 5th year

WHAT'S LOVE GOT TO DO WITH IT ?
Siamo tutti convinti che L'amore e qualche cosa che è dentro di noi, pensiamo che quando amiamo stiamo facendo qualcosa di fantastico . pensiamo che stiamo donando una grande generosita. Anche coloro che hanno tradito per anni le loro moglie o mariti alla fine pensano : communque li amo , The thinking is like this , "even though I need all these extra sex rapports this is the person that I come home to ".Very often it is that that person pays half or most of the bills translated into love .
 The plain person who meets a very beautiful person wants them at any cost if they are minimally normal in personality and then thinks that that very beautiful person wants them because they have a certain magic . Plain wants beautiful because beautiful gives meaning to a dull life.
The Animal lover loves their pets because they think that the pet loves them and does not merely see them as their food ticket returning home. The pet for the animal lover is very often a substitute for love or a child's love.
 The artist will say he does his art for the love of art  but not admit that he or she does it for admiration or adulation/love because he or she does something not everyone can do or at least do well.
The point is that love does exist but love is only about an individual loving himself or herself , the people who are in our lives are merely mirrors who reflect our love of ourselves, for instance the beautiful partner is not really there because you love that person but there because they reflect who you want to be in the sense that yes an extremely attractive person loves me  thus supporting our love of ourselves. The thinking of many women is not just about a handsome man but based on the fact if that man has power , the thinking is then very basic, "he has power and can have who he wants but does he want me"?
The lottery is based on this or things like it .The person loved by everyone wants only you. That means your love of yourself  is respected and supported by a person who could have anyone but wants you. You win the lottery.
And that leaves the unattractive and the idiotic. When the beautiful people have finished pairing off the uglies and unattractive and idiotic pair off too but in the case of these undesirables it is nearly all a case of a compromise rapport. (A friend of mine who is wonderfully beautiful but lets say lacking in worldly ways married an extremely ugly man so the beautiful do end up with the uglies but only in this context). In the case of the unwanted their excuse is " well my partner is a good man" or " my partner is intelligent and thats more important than good looks" . All bullshit of course because bullshit is bullshit and love is love as in I LOVE ME every time we look in the mirror AND you MERELY reflect I LOVE ME.

ENGLISH CELEBRATIONS MAY DAY first and second year

The first day of the month of May is known as May Day. It is the time of year when warmer weather begins and flowers and trees start to blossom. It is said to be a time of love and romance. It is when people celebrate the coming of summer with lots of different customs that are expressions of joy and hope after a long winter.

Maypole Dancing - a traditional dance at this time of year

Roman festival of Flora

            Although summer does not officially begin until June, May Day really marks its beginning. May Day celebrations have their origins in the Roman festival of Flora, goddess of fruit and flowers, which marked the beginning of summer. It was held annually from April 28th to May 3rd.

Interesting Fact

Although May Day is now the first day of the month of May, before 1752, when the calendar was changed, it was 11 days earlier.

Maypole Dancing

A traditional May day dance is known as Maypole Dancing. On May day, people used to cut down young trees and stick them in the ground in the village to mark the arrival of summer. People danced around them in celebration of the end of winter and the start of the fine weather that would allow planting to begin. copyright of protectbritain.com

Maypoles were once common all over England and were kept from one year to the next. Schools would practice skipping round the pole for weeks before the final show on the village greens. The end results would be either a beautiful plaited pattern of ribbons round the pole or a tangled cat's cradle, depending on how much rehearsing had been done. copyright of protectbritain.com

More pictures of Maypole dancing

Many English villages still have a maypole, and on May 1st, the villagers dance around it.

Interesting Fact

The tallest maypole is said to have been erected in London on the Strand in 1661; it stood over 143 feet high. It was felled in 1717, when it was used by Isaac Newton to support Huygen's new reflecting telescope.

Another traditional dance you will often see from May is Morris Dancing.

May Day Bank Holiday

The month of May has many traditions and celebrations. For the convenience of the general public, many May Day activities have now been moved to the new May Day holiday on the first Monday of the month. This Monday is a bank holiday, a day off school and work.

Many of the May Day celebrations take place at the weekend as well as on the 'May Day' Monday. The weekend is know as bank holiday weekend because it comes with the extra day holiday on the Monday. copyright of protectbritain.com

How was May Day Celebrated in the past?

It was custom for every one to go a-Maying early on May Day. Herrick, a 17th century English poet wrote:

There's not a budding boy, or girl, this day,
But is got up, and gone to bring in May.

Decorating Houses

May Day began early in the morning. People would go out before sunrise in order to gather flowers and greenery to decorate their houses and villages with in the belief that the vegetation spirits would bring good fortune.

Washing in the early morning dew

Girls would make a special point of washing their faces in the dew of the early morning. They believed this made them very beautiful for the following year. copyright of protectbritain.com

May Queen

The rest of the day was given over to various festivities. There was dancing on the village green, archery contest and exhibitions of strength. The highlight of the day was the crowning of the May Queen, the human replica of Flora. By tradition she took no part in the games or dancing, but sat like a queen in a flower-decked chair to watch her 'subjects'.

May Day Garlands

Young girls would make May Garlands. They covered two hoops, one at right angles inside the other, with leaves and flowers, and sometimes they put a doll inside to represent the goddess of Spring.

In some parts of Britain, May 1st is called Garland Day.

The first of May is Garland Day
So please remember the garland.
We don't come here but once a year,
So please remember the garland.

May Day Lifting

There was once a tradition in England of 'lifting' where a gang of young men would lift a pretty girl in a flower bedecked chair on May day. Then the girl would choose a boy on May 2nd.

May Day Tricks

In the North of England, the first of May was a kind of late 'April Fooling' when all sorts of pranks would take place and 'May Gosling' was the shout if you managed to trick someone. The response would be:

'May Goslings past and gone. You're the fool for making me one!'

May Day Celebrations today

In some places, May Day celebrations still begin at sunset on 30 April. They include lots of floral decorations and processions through towns and villages.

Charlton-on-Otmoor, a village near Oxford

A May-Day festival is held involving all the children from the Primary School. It starts with a special May-day song followed by a procession to the church. Everyone wears white and carries garlands of flowers. The girls wear straw bands and posies and ribbons in their hair.

In the church, the posies are laid in a great spread below the Rood Screen, which is specially decorated with a Rood-Cross completely wrapped in Yew leaves and branches.

After a very full special service, all the children process back to their school with all their families and friends. They dance a number of May-day dances and Maypole ones too before tucking into a great MAY Day feast.

Rochester Sweeps Festival

Rochester's annual Sweep Festival celebrates the traditional holiday that chimney sweeps used to enjoy on 1 May. It was the one time of the year when the sweeps could put away their tools and have some fun.

The Sweeps Festival is a colourful mix of music, dancing and entertainment. An opportunity to see some of the traditional dances and hear the songs which have been past down from generation to generation.

 

The oldest May Day celebration still taking place to day, is the Padstow 'Obby 'Oss celebration in Cornwall. Its roots date back to the 14th century. Every May Day thousands of people come to see the two famous Hobby Horses, the Old Oss and the Blue Ribbon Oss.

Celebrations in Padstow officially start the night before at midnight, when a groups of 'mayers' meet outside the Golden Lion Inn to serenade the owner with their Night Song:

Rise up, Mr. Rickard, and joy to you betide,
For summer is a-come in today;
And bright is your bride, that lays down by your side
In the merry morning of May.

The whole town is ablaze with bluebells, forget-me-nots, cowslips, and sycamore twigs. Dancing and other celebrations take place all day.

Morris Dancing

Another traditional dance seen throughout the month of May is Morris Dancing. The dancing is very lively and often accompanied by an accordion player.

Morris dancers are usually men and wear different clothes depending on the part of the country in which they dance. They are often dressed in white with coloured baldrics (coloured belts) across their chests.

There are usually six or eight dancers arranged in two lines or in a circle facing each other. The dancers may carry white handkerchiefs that they shake, or short sticks that they bang against each other as they dance.

There are also single dancers who wear special costumes.

Well Dressing

The custom of well-dressing is popular all over Derbyshire.

May Day in Scotland "It is not just England who celebrate Mayday, I come from a town in Scotland called Turriff. We celebrate Mayday on the 1st Monday of May every year. The roads are closed off to traffic from 10am - 4pm, we have a funfair at the local park, we have lots off stalls in the town & different activities & going on throughout the day, the Local pipeband (Turriff & Disrtrict Pipeband) march round the town playing. Its a fantastic day out for all & attracts crowds of people to Turriff. " Veronica

In ancient Roman religion, the Floralia was a festival in honor of the goddess Flora, held April 27 during the Republican era, or April 28 on the Julian calendar. In Latin, the festival was known as the Ludi Florae, the Games  of Flora. Under the Empire, the games lasted for six days.
The festival had a licentious, pleasure-seeking atmosphere. In contrast to festivals based on Rome's archaic patrician religion, the games of Flora had a plebeian character.

 

Flora

Main article: Flora (mythology)

Flora was regarded as one of the most ancient goddesses of Roman religion, and was one of fifteen deities to have her own state-supported high priest, the flamen Florialis. A goddess of flowers, vegetation, and fertility, she received sacrifices (piacula) in the sacred grove of the Arval Brothers, an archaic priesthood.Her altar at Rome was said to have been established by the Sabine king Titus Tatius during the semi-legendary Regal period. Flusalis (linguistically equivalent to Floralia) was a month on the Sabine calendar, and Varro counted Flora among the Sabine deities.

Temples of Flora

The Temple of Flora was built upon consultation with the Sibylline Books shortly after a drought that occurred around 241–238 BC. The temple was located near the Circus Maximus on the lower slope of the Aventine Hill, a site associated with the plebeians of Rome. Games were instituted for the founding day of the temple (April 28), and were held only occasionally until continued crop damage led to their annual celebration beginning in 173.
Flora Rustica ("Rural Flora") had another temple on the Quirinal Hill, which may have been the location of the altar erected by Tatius.

Games

Fragment of the Fasti Praenestini showing a note on the Ludi Florae

The games  of Flora were presented by the plebeian aediles and paid for by fines collected when public lands (ager publicus) were encroached upon.^[Cicero mentions his role in organizing games for Flora when he was aedile in 69 BC. The festival opened with theatrical performances (ludi scaenici), and concluded with competitive events and spectacles at the Circus and a sacrifice to Flora.^[ In 30 AD, the entertainments at the Floralia presented under the emperor Galba featured a tightrope-walking elephant.

Participation of prostitutes

Prostitutes participated in the Floralia as well as the wine festival (Vinalia) on April 23. According to the satirist Juvenal, prostitutes danced naked and fought in mock gladiator combat. Many prostitutes in ancient Rome were slaves, and even free women who worked as prostitutes lost their legal and social standing as citizens, but their inclusion at religious festivals indicates that sex workers were not completely outcast from society.^[

 

In Romanian (a Romance language), Palm Sunday is called Duminica Floriilor. This name was derived from Floralia by assigning the name of a Roman festival to a Christian feast that is celebrated during the same season.

ENGLISH DAYS OF CELEBRATION . GUY FAWKES First and Second Year

GUY FAWKES NIGHT IS on the 5th of November and enjoyed by everyone. We build a bon fire have fireworks and eat roasted suasages, kids love it but who was Guy Fawkes ?Guy Fawkes (13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606), also known as Guido Fawkes, the name he adopted while fighting for the Spanish in the Low Countries, was a member of a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.

Fawkes was born and educated in York. His father died when Fawkes was eight years old, after which his mother married a recusant Catholic. Fawkes later converted to Catholicism and left for the continent, where he fought in the Eighty Years' War on the side of Catholic Spain against Protestant Dutch reformers. He travelled to Spain to seek support for a Catholic rebellion in England but was unsuccessful. He later met Thomas Wintour, with whom he returned to England.

Wintour introduced Fawkes to Robert Catesby, who planned to assassinate King James I and restore a Catholic monarch to the throne. The plotters secured the lease to an undercroft beneath the House of Lords, and Fawkes was placed in charge of the gunpowder they stockpiled there. Prompted by the receipt of an anonymous letter, the authorities searched Westminster Palace during the early hours of 5 November, and found Fawkes guarding the explosives. Over the next few days, he was questioned and tortured, and eventually he broke. Immediately before his execution on 31 January, Fawkes jumped from the scaffold where he was to be hanged and broke his neck, thus avoiding the agony of the mutilation that followed.

Fawkes became synonymous with the Gunpowder Plot, the failure of which has been commemorated in England since 5 November 1605. His effigy is traditionally burned on a bonfire, commonly accompanied by a firework display.On 5 November 1605 Londoners were encouraged to celebrate the King's escape from assassination by lighting bonfires, "always provided that 'this testemonye of joy be carefull done without any danger or disorder'" An Act of Parliament designated each 5 November as a day of thanksgiving for "the joyful day of deliverance", and remained in force until 1859. Although he was only one of 13 conspirators, Fawkes is today the individual most associated with the failed Plot.

Historian Lewis Call has observed that Fawkes is now "a major icon in modern political culture". He went on to write that the image of Fawkes's face became "a potentially powerful instrument for the articulation of postmodern anarchism" during the late 20th century, exemplified by the mask worn by V in the comic book series V for Vendetta, who fights against a fictional fascist English state.In Britain, 5 November has variously been called Guy Fawkes Night, Guy Fawkes Day, Plot Night and Bonfire Night; the latter can be traced directly back to the original celebration of 5 November 1605.Bonfires were accompanied by fireworks from the 1650s onwards, and it became the custom to burn an effigy (usually the pope) after 1673, when the heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, made his conversion to Catholicism public. Effigies of other notable figures who have become targets for the public's ire, such as Paul Kruger and Margaret Thatcher, have also found their way onto the bonfires, although most modern effigies are of Fawkes. The "guy" is normally created by children, from old clothes, newspapers, and a mask. During the 19th century, "guy" came to mean an oddly dressed person, but in American English it lost any pejorative connotation, and was used to refer to any male person.

Guy Fawkes is sometimes toasted as "the last man to enter Parliament with honest intentions".