GABRIELLA: January 2022

Thursday, January 27, 2022

the seven years war

The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) was a global conflict that spanned five continents, though it was known in America as the “French and Indian War.” After years of skirmishes between England and France in North America, England officially declared war on France in 1756, setting off what Winston Churchill later called “the first world war.”

While the French, British, and Spanish battled over colonies in the New World, Frederick the Great of Prussia faced off against Austria, France, Russia and Sweden.

The Seven Year’s War ended with two treaties. The Treaty of Hubertusburg granted Silesia to Prussia and enhanced Frederick the Great’s Power.

The Treaty of Paris between France, Spain and Great Britain drew colonial lines largely in favor of the British, an outcome that would later influence the French to intervene in the war for American Independence.

THE SEVEN YEARS WAR like most wars was a continuance of the WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESION . To understand the SEVEN YEARS WAR we have to understand this previous war . The Pretext for the previous war was the death of EMPEROR CHARLES VI of the HABSBURG MONARCHY .

The pretext was that Maria Theresa his daughter had no right to inherit the crown.Her claim was backed by Britain and Holland and Hanover . The war lasted about 8 years from beginning to end

. Basically at the end of the war new alliances had been made but very few governments were happy with the outcome.The relationship between Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I was a goodf one . They not only appreciated each other, but felt a deep love for one another - and had 16 children together. The marriage was considered a happy one, although Francis I was said to have had numerous affairs. When the emperor died unexpectedly in 1765 after 29 years of marriage, Maria Theresa wrote: "I lost a husband, a friend, the only object of my love."What was the origin of women’s "unfitness" to rule? The idea that women were incapable of ruling was connected to their supposedly "inferior" intellectual and physical condition. Without a grandson, the Habsburg emperor Leopold I amended the law of succession so that the daughters of his eldest son Joseph I would be allowed to reign. By that act, he authorised succession by females. His younger son, Charles VI, subsequently betrayed the pact by amending the Pragmatic Sanction to allow his own daughters to take precedence over his nieces. Although Maria Theresa was destined to reign by law. In the eighteenth century, women became mathematicians, astronomers and physicists. Others played a leading role in intellectual and social life. Women began to enjoy these more prominent roles in several European countries, from England to Italy, via France. In Austria and Prussia, however, women still had a more traditional status. Furthermore, these new roles were the preserve of women from the privileged classes. Moreover, although the domain of knowledge was open to women, not that of power. Maria Theresa was an absolute monarch but did not renounce her status as a wife and a mother. Maria Theresa of Austria stands out as a major figure in women’s history. She reigned as an absolute monarch for forty years over one of the largest empires in Europe. Immediately after her accession, a number of European sovereigns who had recognised Maria Theresa as heir broke their promises. Probably the idea that a woman could not rule was merely a pretext for war to gain territory . Also the army of Austia habsburg was in a very poor state. In December, Frederick II of Prussia invaded the Duchy of Silesia and requested that Maria Theresa cede it, threatening to join her enemies if she refused. Maria Theresa decided to fight for the mineral-rich province. As Austria was short of experienced military commanders, Maria Theresa released Marshall Neipperg, who had been imprisoned by her father for his poor performance in the Turkish War.[43] Neipperg took command of the Austrian troops in March. The Austrians suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Mollwitz in April 1741.[44] France drew up a plan to partition Austria between Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Spain: Bohemia and Upper Austria would be ceded to Bavaria, and the Elector would become emperor, whereas Moravia and Upper Silesia would be granted to the Electorate of Saxony, Lower Silesia and Glatz to Prussia, and the entire Austrian Lombardy to Spain.[45] Marshall Belle-Isle joined Frederick at Olmütz. Vienna was in a panic, as none of Maria Theresa's advisors had expected France to betray them. Francis Stephen urged Maria Theresa to reach a rapprochement with Prussia, as did Great Britain.[46] Maria Theresa reluctantly agreed to negotiations.[47] The Treaty of Breslau of June 1742 ended hostilities between Austria and Prussia. With the First Silesian War at an end, the Queen soon made the recovery of Bohemia her priority. French troops fled Bohemia in the winter of the same year. On 12 May 1743, Maria Theresa was crowned Queen of Bohemia in St. Vitus Cathedral suo jure.[64] Prussia became anxious at Austrian advances on the Rhine frontier, and Frederick again invaded Bohemia, beginning a Second Silesian War; Prussian troops sacked Prague in August 1744. The French plans fell apart when Charles Albert died in January 1745. The French overran the Austrian Netherlands in May. The war ended with very few people happy at the result and like WW1 The Seven Years War was solely a continuance of the previous war . WW1 had left the Germans unbeaten and still in the field but they had had to accept what was more or less a surrender because they had run out of men and food and their leaders saw that it was only a matter of time before they lost in the field. The fact remained that no German army had ever been defeated or pushed back . Hence the sentiment of Vendetta and hence the reason for WW2 .The Seven Years War was no different but for different reasons. The battle of Kolin, 1757 Frederick of Prussia's invasion of Saxony in August 1756 began a Third Silesian War and sparked the wider Seven Years' War. Maria Theresa and Kaunitz wished to exit the war with possession of Silesia. On 1 May 1757, the Second Treaty of Versailles was signed, whereby Louis XV promised to provide Austria with 130,000 men in addition to 12 million gulden yearly. They would also continue the war in Continental Europe until Prussia could be compelled to abandon Silesia and Glatz. In return, Austria would cede several towns in the Austrian Netherlands to the son-in-law of Louis XV, Philip of Parma, who in turn would grant his Italian duchies to Maria Theresa. The Battle of Kolin that followed was a decisive victory for Austria. Frederick lost one third of his troops, and before the battle was over, he had left the scene. Subsequently, Prussia was defeated at Hochkirch in Saxony on 14 October 1758, at Kunersdorf in Brandenburg on 12 August 1759, and at Landeshut near Glatz in June 1760. Hungarian and Croat light hussars led by Count Hadik raided Berlin in 1757. Austrian and Russian troops even occupied Berlin for several days in August 1760. However, these victories did not enable the Habsburgs to win the war, as the French and Habsburg armies were destroyed by Frederick at Rossbach in 1757. After the defeat in Torgau on 3 November 1760, Maria Theresa realised that she could no longer reclaim Silesia without Russian support, which vanished after the death of Tsaritsa Elizabeth in early 1762. In the meantime, France was losing badly in America and India, and thus they had reduced their subsidies by 50%. S Finally, the war was concluded by the Treaty of Hubertusburg and Paris in 1763. Austria had to leave the Prussian territories that were occupied. Although Silesia remained under the control of Prussia, a new balance of power was created in Europe, and Austrian position was strengthened by it thanks to its alliance with the Bourbons in Madrid, Parma and Naples. Maria Theresa herself decided to focus on domestic reforms and refrain from undertaking any further military operations. Maria Theresa had shown herself to be one of the best rulers of Europe in that time especially in the way that she had used her feminine qualities . The Seven years war provoked the war of Independence in America (in reality a civil war) and drew the lines up for the Napoleonic wars where Napoleon Bonaparte wanted to create a glorious France after their losses in the Seven years war . No war ever fought finishes with a last battle . Sentiment ferments and turns into poison such is the world of men . Questions 1.Why was Maria Theresa a good monarch? 2.What did women still have a more traditional life? 3.Why do we have to understand the previous war 4. What did Maria Theresa do that showed her femine qualities of less inherent aggression 5.Why did she have 16 children. Give your own reasons 6. Why does a sentiment of Vendetta arise. Give your own reasons

Monday, January 24, 2022

DIVISION OF LONDON

London, city, capital of the United Kingdom. It is among the oldest of the world’s great cities—its history spanning nearly two millennia—and one of the most cosmopolitan. By far Britain’s largest metropolis, it is also the country’s economic, transportation, and cultural centre. The important and historical areas that make up London is basically the Square Mile ,The West End ,The East End .South London does not have that much happening apart from the river bank which is called the Surrey side (the North side is called the Middlesex side).On the Surrey side we canfind all the national centres for music and acting plus cinema.There is also the Shard and the London eye .Beyond that going South there is the Dulwich art gallery the first one in London.

London is situated in southeastern England, lying astride the River Thames some 50 miles (80 km) upstream from its estuary on the North Sea. The square mile is surrounded by the metropolitan county of Greater London from the “home counties” of Kent, Surrey, and Berkshire (in clockwise order) to the south of the river and Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire, and Essex to the north. It is physically a polycentric city, with many core districts and no clear hierarchy among them. London has at least two (and sometimes many more) of everything: cities, mayors, dioceses, cathedrals, chambers of commerce, police forces, opera houses, orchestras, and universities. It is basically a kind of confederation. It also boasts spacious parks and the most fashionable districts for living and shopping—the West End. The north-bank settlements merged into a single built-up area in the early decades of the 17th century, but they did not combine into a single enlarged municipality. The City of London was unique among Europe’s capital cities in retaining its medieval boundaries. Westminster and other suburbs were left to develop their own administrative structures—a pattern replicated a hundred times over as London exploded in size, becoming the prototype of the modern metropolis.

THE WEST END boasts spacious parks and the most fashionable districts for living and shopping—the West End. The West End of London (commonly referred to as the West End) is a district of Central London, west of the City of London and north of the River Thames, in which many of the city's major tourist attractions, shops, businesses, government buildings and entertainment venues, including West End theatres, are concentrated.It has all the great galleries like The National and Tate and Tate modern whereas the Square Mile has very little art space. While the City of London is the main business and financial district in London, the West End is the main commercial and entertainment centre of the city. It is the largest central business district in the United Kingdom, It is one of the most expensive locations in the world in which to rent commercial and office space. THE SQUARE MILE The City of London was unique among Europe’s capital cities in retaining its medieval boundaries. Most of this area is devoted to business but there is the museum of London which is really worth seeing and there is also THE TOWER OF LONDON and THE MONUMENT a tower you can walk up. Of the modern things there is the Sky Bar which is very high and free but you have to book up a month in advance for a reat view of London. THE EAST END The square mile backs on to the East End . It was a very poor area but is now very expensive to live in. The area was notorious for its deep poverty, overcrowding and associated social problems. This led to the East End's history of intense political activism Another major theme of East End history has been migration, both inward and outward. The area had a strong pull on the rural poor from other parts of England, and attracted waves of migration from further afield, notably Huguenot refugees, Irish weavers, Ashkenazi Jews and in the 20th century, Bangladeshis.Today the East End is basically situated in the boroughs of Hackney and Tower Hamlets.It was bombed heavily in the war because of the Port of London situated there.

THE PEOPLE OF LONDON

The word Cockney has had a pejorative connotation, originally deriving from cokenay, or cokeney, a late Middle English word of the 14th century that meant, literally, “cocks’ egg” (i.e., a small or defective egg, imagined to come from a rooster—which, of course, cannot produce eggs). That negative sense gave rise to Cockney’s being used to mean “milksop” or “cockered child” (a pampered or spoiled child). The word was later applied to a town resident who was regarded as either affected or puny.

To most outsiders a Cockney is anyone from London, though contemporary natives of London, especially from its East End, use the word with pride. In its geographical and cultural senses, Cockney is best defined as a person born within hearing distance of the church bells of St. Mary-le-Bow, Cheapside, in the City of London. It has been estimated that, prior to the noise of traffic, the sound of the Bow Bells reached about 6 miles (10 km) to the east, 5 miles (8 km) to the north, 4 miles (6 km) to the west, and 3 miles (5 km) to the south. The vast majority of the hospitals of London’s East End fall within that jurisdiction.Cockney as a dialect is most notable for its argot, or coded language, which was born out of ingenious rhyming slang. There are as many as 150 terms that are recognized instantly by any rhyming slang user. For example, the phrase use your loaf—meaning “use your head”—is derived from the rhyming phrase loaf of bread. That phrase is just one part of London’s rhyming slang tradition that can be traced to the East End. That tradition is thought to have started in the mid-19th century as code by which either criminals confused the police or salesmen compared notes with each other beyond the understanding of their customers.

The manner in which Cockney rhyming slang is created may be best explained through examples. “I’m going upstairs” becomes I’m going up the apples in Cockney. Apples is part of the phrase apples and pears, which rhymes with stairs; and pears is then dropped. In this example, a word is replaced with a phrase that ends in a rhyming word, and that rhyming word is then dropped (along with, in apples and pears, the and). Likewise, “wig” becomes syrup (from syrup of figs) and “wife” becomes trouble (from trouble and strife).

Sunday, January 23, 2022

THE MIDDLE AGES

PAINTING THe middle ages is looked down upon as a dark age but everything that came in the so called Renaissance was because of the Middle Ages as regards painting. Giotto di Bondone is regarded as the most celebrated Italian painter of the 14th century and one of the most influential artists of the middle ages. He is considered the father of modern painting, having influenced the likes of Michelangelo, Masaccio, and Raphael. Giotto was born either in 1266/1267 in Vespignano, near the city of Florence in Italy and died in 1337. He spent his early years as an apprentice to a great Florentine painter named Cimabue. Legend has it that his master discovered the genius of the young man when he came across his lifelike paintings of sheep and took him under his wing. He worked throughout Italy visiting places such as Padua, Rome, and Naples. However, it was in Florence where most of his time was spent. The focus of Giotto’s career was almost exclusively on frescoes. Fresco is a technique where a painting is done on wet plaster so that it becomes fixed when the plaster dries. He had an unparalleled understanding of human emotion which he transferred to his work with accurate detail. He was a revolutionary in his work at the time. He shifted from the Byzantine style into realism which he achieved through three-dimensional expressions. Due to his artistic skill, the Italian artist is considered influential in the birth of the Renaissance. ARCHITECTURE The testimony of Medieval architecture is that all Central European cities still do have Medieval buildings in them - usually either

SCULPTURE With the fall of Rome, statues disappeared as a major art form in Europe until the Gothic age. The primary types of medieval sculpture in Western Europe were architectural sculpture (especially reliefs) and carved ivory objects (aka "ivories"), including small figures, crucifixes, relief panels, and containers. WRITING The majority of the literature produced during the Middle Ages was written by religious clerics and monks. Few other people knew how to read and write. Much of what they wrote was hymns, or songs, about God. Some also wrote philosophical documents about religion. Dante, The Divine Comedy. ... Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. ... Margery Kempe, The Book of Margery Kempe. ... Marco Polo, Travels. ... Geoffrey of Monmouth, The History of the Kings of Britain. ... Anonymous, The Mabinogion. ... Anonymous, Beowulf.

FOOD Those lower down the social scale ate a less impressive diet. Unless you served in a large household, it was difficult to obtain fresh meat or fish (although fish was available to those living by the sea). Most people ate preserved foods that had been salted or pickled soon after slaughter or harvest: bacon, pickled herring, preserved fruits, for instance. The poor often kept pigs, which, unlike cows and sheep, were able to live contentedly in a forest, fending for themselves. Peasants tended to keep cows, so their diets consisted largely of dairy produce such as buttermilk, cheese, or curds and whey. Rich and poor alike ate a dish called pottage, a thick soup containing meat, vegetables, or bran. The more luxurious pottage was called 'mortrew', and a pottage containing cereal was a 'frumenty'. Bread was the staple for all classes, although the quality and price varied depending on the type of grain used. Some people even used bread as plates: 'trenches' were thick slices of bread, slightly hollowed out, and served bearing food at meal times. ARGUMENT “Renaissance,” referring to a period starting around the 15th century in Italy and later spreading to the rest of Europe involving a revival of Classical learning, economic and social improvement, and all kinds of other nice things, gets criticized periodically for a variety of reasons. Among them: The changes of that period aren’t necessarily a sudden revival from a dismal Middle Ages, but involve various trends that had been ongoing for centuries. It’s poorly and vaguely defined, both in time and space. I remember reading one scholar who argued that it should only be used to describe certain Italian artistic movements and shouldn’t apply to the rest of Europe or any other fields. The extent of improvements attributed to the Renaissance may be less than has been argued (for example, economic growth and scientific advances), and were accompanied by a number of negative trends as well (the rights of women and religious minorities were often threatened). The past is infinitely complicated, composed as it is of events, big and small, beyond computation. To make sense of it, the historian must select and simplify and shape. One way he shapes the past is to divide it into periods. Each period is made more memorable and easy to grasp if it can be labeled by a word that epitomizes its spirit. That is how such terms as "the Renaissance" came into being. Needless to say, it is not those who actually live through the period who coin the term, but later, often much later, writers. The periodization and labeling of history is largely the work of the nineteenth century. The term "Renaissance" was first prominently used by the French historian Jules Michelet in 1858, and it was set in bronze two years later by Jacob Burckhardt when he published his great book The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy. Why do we use the word Renaissance and not Rinascimento? Because the French were the first to use that term.

The historian Jules Michelet coined it and applied it to that era of Italian history and that originated in the 19th Century. Italians themselves never called it the Renaissance, leave alone the Italian word for it until other Europeans started doing it. They used their characteristic naming functions to typify the art and culture of a certain era. So the Florentine Renaissane is Quattrocento (1400s) because that was the century in which it happened. The Renaissance that came after, centered in Rome, and also Venice, is Cinquecento (1500s). Some proto-Renaissance sentiment, i.e. seeing themselves as a rebirth and revival, as a mark of a new humanism, and individual moment, is there among Renaissance writers but they never had a unified sense of their position, time and place in the manner that later art movements like Impressionism, Surrealism and Cubism did. The usage stuck because it turned out to be a convenient way of describing the period of transition between the medieval epoch, when Europe was "Christendom," and the beginning of the modern age. It also had some historical justification because, although the Italian elites of the time never used the words "Renaissance" or "Rinascita," they were conscious that a cultural rebirth of a kind was taking place, and that some of the literary, philosophical and artistic grandeur of ancient Greece and Rome was being recreated. In 1550 the painter Vasari published an ambitious work, The Lives of the Artists, in which he sought to describe how this process had taken place, and was continuing, in painting, sculpture and architecture. In comparing the glories of antiquity with the achievements of the present and recent past in Italy, he referred to the degenerate period in between as "the middle ages." This usage stuck too. That said Giotto was the champion of modern paiting he was of the middle ages and Dante the greatest Italian writer was too.

1. Why do you think the Middle ages is denigrated ?

2.Jules Michelet hated the middle ages and decided to create a new age with the Renaissance term . Why?

3. Why do we divide time into periods?

4. What is a dark age ? Are we living through one now but don't know it?

5. Was the so called Renaissance really a time of peace and invention or more war?

6. Why didn't Italians call it the Renaissance? What did they call it ?

7. Did the Renaissance exist or just an invented term by Michelet?

Thursday, January 20, 2022

CLASSICAL BRITISH ARCHITECTURE

What Is Classical Architecture? Classical architecture originated in ancient Greece and Rome, and is characterized by symmetry, columns, rectangular windows, and marble, to name a few. For centuries, architects have drawn influence from these civilizations and incorporated traditional ideals into subsequent styles of architecture. In a broad sense, Classical architecture can encompass all architecture that is derived from the ancient Greeks and Romans. For our purposes, the Classical Revival movement is the most true-to-form style of classical architecture that exists today. . Classical architecture came to Britain with the Romans two millennia ago. Elements of classicism re-emerged early in the 16th century in Henry VII’s tomb at Westminster and under Elizabeth I (to name but two examples) at Longleat and Caius, Cambridge. Four hundred years ago, Inigo Jones introduced the classical style of the so callecdItalian Renaissance in an unadulterated form. Certainly the classical style has deeper roots than modernism – a mere 80 or so years old in the UK History Classical architecture was constructed in the 5th century BC in Greece and around the 3rd century AD in Rome. The style was revived many times over the years.

During the Italian Renaissance, architects worked to restore classical Roman architecture. John Nash (18 January 1752 – 13 May 1835) was one of the foremost British architects of the Georgian and Regency eras, during which he was responsible for the design, in the neoclassical and picturesque styles, of many important areas of London. His designs were financed by the Prince Regent and by the era's most successful property developer, James Burton. Nash also collaborated extensively with Burton's son, Decimus Burton. Nash's best-known solo designs are the Royal Pavilion, Brighton, Marble Arch, and Buckingham Palace. His best-known collaboration with James Burton is Regent Street and his best-known collaborations with Decimus Burton are Regent's Park and its terraces and Carlton House Terrace. The majority of his buildings, including those that the Burtons did not contribute to, were built by James Burton's company.

THE NASH TERRACES Regent’s Park, park in the Greater London boroughs of Westminster and Camden. It occupies an area of 487 acres (197 hectares) north and east of the St. Marylebone district. Originally a part of Henry VIII’s hunting forest, Regent’s Park was developed and landscaped (in the 1810s and ’20s) by the city planner and architect John Nash as an area of leisure for the royal family and other aristocrats. It was opened to the public by 1841 and is one of the main parks of central London.Its Inner Circle and Outer Circle drives are surrounded by elegant row houses and mansions built by nash, now largely used as government offices and educational buildings. Within the Inner Circle drive are the Queen Mary’s Gardens (roses) and an open-air theatre. The London Zoo was opened on the north side of the park in 1828. Regent Street is a major shopping street in the West End of London. It is named after George, the Prince Regent (later George IV) and was laid out under the direction of the architect John Nash and James Burton. It runs from Waterloo Place in St James's at the southern end, through Piccadilly Circus and Oxford Circus, to All Souls Church. From there Langham Place and Portland Place continue the route to Regent's Park. The vast majority of the street was designed by Nash or Burton. However, a few buildings were designed by Charles Robert Cockerell, Sir John Soane, or others. By 1819, the Crown was receiving regular rent and the street was becoming established. At first, it was named New Street and became a dividing line between Soho, which had declined socially and economically, and the fashionable squares and streets of Mayfair to the west. Carlton House was demolished after completion of the works in 1829 and was replaced by Carlton House Terrace, designed by Nash and the son of James Burton, Decimus Burton. Regent Street was the first shopping area in Britain to support late night opening in 1850, when shopkeepers agreed to keep stores open until 7pm

THE ROYAL PAVILION The Royal Pavilion, also known as the Brighton Pavilion and a former royal residence located in Brighton, England. Beginning in 1787, it was built in three stages as a seaside retreat for George, Prince of Wales, who became the Prince Regent in 1811, and King George IV in 1820. It is built in the Indo-Saracenic style prevalent in India for most of the 19th century. The current appearance of the Pavilion, with its domes and minarets, is the work of architect John Nash, who extended the building starting in 1815. George IV's successors William IV, and Victoria, also used the Pavilion, but Queen Victoria decided that Osborne House should be the royal seaside retreat, and the Pavilion was sold to the city of Brighton in 1850. The Architecture style of the Pavilion was a blend of Indian, Mughal, European, and Chinese architecture. The elements were a derivation of the design forms and motifs taken from the British colonial experience of the orient.The domes and minarets found on the exterior of the Royal Pavilion were inspired by Oriental scenery, the collection of drawings by Thomas Daniell, and William Daniell. Although the exterior had the elements of Indian architecture, it had a more Mughal touch with a generic sense of orient. The building had a sense of lightness and airiness due to the rhythmic profusion of the domes and minarets which were supported by the cast iron frames and the vertical thrust. The Prince of Wales, who later became George IV, first visited Brighton in 1783, at the age of 21. The seaside town had become fashionable as a result of the residence of George's uncle, Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland, whose tastes for fine cuisine, gambling, the theatre, and general fast living the young prince shared, and with whom he lodged in Brighton at Grove House. In addition, the Prince of Wales was advised by his physician that the seawater and fresh air would be beneficial for his gout. In 1786, under a financial cloud with investigation by Parliament for the extravagances incurred in building Carlton House, London, the Prince rented a modest, erstwhile farmhouse facing the Old Steine, a grassy area of Brighton used as a promenade by visitors. Remote from the Royal Court in London, the Pavilion was a discreet location for the Prince to enjoy private liaisons with his long-time companion, Maria Fitzherbert. Maria Fitzherbert

The Prince had wished to marry her, and did so in secrecy as her Roman Catholic religion prohibited his marrying her under the Royal Marriages Act 1772. Chiswick House was an attempt by Lord Burlington to create a Roman villa, rather than a Renaissance pastiche, situated in a symbolic Roman garden. Chiswick Villa is inspired in part by several buildings of the 16th-century Italian architects Andrea Palladio and his assistant Vincenzo Scamozzi. The brick-built Villa's facade is faced in Portland stone, with a small amount of stucco. The finely carved Corinthian capitals on the projecting six-column portico, carved by John Boson, are derived from the Temple of Castor and Pollux in Rome. The inset door, projecting plinth and 'v'-necked rusticated vermiculation (resembling tufa) were all derived from the base of Trajan's Column. The short sections of crenellated wall with ball finials which extend out either side of the villa were symbolic of medieval (or Roman) fortified town walls, and were inspired by their use by Palladio at his church of San Giorgio Maggiore in Venice and by Inigo Jones (1573–1652)

Tuesday, January 18, 2022

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INTERNET DISCOVERY OF ADDICTION

Results of a new study suggest people who cannot control, cut back or stop their use of the Internet have abnormal white matter structure in the brain similar to what is seen in cocaine and crystal-meth addicts.

According to the study’s authors, as the number of people logging onto cyberspace soars, “Internet addiction disorder” — which is poised to enter the official lexicon of psychiatric illnesses — “is becoming a serious mental-health issue around the world.”

The disorder, as described in the study published this week in the journal PLoS One, is defined as “problematic” or pathological computer use that can cause “marked distress” and interfere with school, work, family and social relationships.

For their study, led by Hao Lei of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Wuhan, researchers scanned the brains of 17 teens and young adults, aged 14 to 24, with Internet addiction and 16 healthy “controls” of similar age.

People were classified as suffering from Internet addiction disorder, or IAD, based on a questionnaire that included the following: Do you feel preoccupied with the Internet? Do you stay online longer than originally intended? Do you feel restless, moody, depressed or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop Internet use?

Those with IAD had significantly impaired white matter fibres connecting different brain regions that play a critical role in emotional processing, as well as in “addiction-related phenomena” such as cravings, compulsive-repetitive behaviours and poor decision-making.

QUESTIONS

Do you feel preoccupied with the Internet?

Do you stay online longer than originally intended?

Do you feel restless, moody, depressed or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop Internet use?

Do you have poor decision-making skills?

Do you stay on the internet because you want to check on someone?

Are you obssessed with it ?

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Friday, January 28, 2022

Lasagne con zucca, spinaci, e béchamel al formaggio di capra

Lasagne con zucca, spinaci, e béchamel al formaggio di capra

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Scaloppine all'Arancia

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Salmone all'arancia e zenzero

ANTI PASTA

Thursday, January 27, 2022

the seven years war

Monday, January 24, 2022

DIVISION OF LONDON

Sunday, January 23, 2022

THE MIDDLE AGES

Thursday, January 20, 2022

CLASSICAL BRITISH ARCHITECTURE

Tuesday, January 18, 2022

face work out with jaw size

INTERNET DISCOVERY OF ADDICTION

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Total Pageviews

Friday, January 28, 2022

Lasagne con zucca, spinaci, e béchamel al formaggio di capra

Ingredienti

Preparazione

Scaloppine all'Arancia

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Preparazione

Thursday, January 27, 2022

Monday, January 24, 2022

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Thursday, January 20, 2022

Tuesday, January 18, 2022

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