VICTORIAN RAILWAYS http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/victorianbritain/pdf/happy.pdf

THE GREAT EXHIBITION

The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations  as a celebration of modern industrial technology and design of the British empire . It was arguably a response to the highly successful French Industrial Exposition of 1844: indeed, its prime motive was for "Great Britain [to make] clear to the world its role as industrial leader Great Britain sought to prove its own superiority.It was housed in the Crystal Palace situated in hyde Park

 The Crystal Palace was a cast-iron and plate-glass building originally erected in Hyde Park, London, England, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. More than 14,000 exhibitors from around the world gathered in the Palace's 990,000 square feet (92,000 m²) of exhibition space to display examples of the latest technology developed in the Industrial Revolution. Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton, the Great Exhibition building was 1,851 feet (564 m) long, with an interior height of 128 feet (39 m). Because of the recent invention of the cast plate glass method in 1848, which allowed for large sheets of cheap but strong glass, it was at the time the largest amount of glass ever seen in a building and astonished visitors with its clear walls and ceilings that did not require interior lights, thus a "Crystal Palace".

."Most of the people who were workers  came to the Great
exhibition  on ' Shilling Days ' by train , often from the 
North of England. King's Cross station was opened
and in 1850 there were nearly 7,000 kilometers of track linking
London with the cities of the Midlands and the North. ( Worthing, a typical seaside town opened up for victorians to have holidays because of the railways  )

The most popular way of getting the Great Exhibition was
with the purchase of a ticket that included a train ride back and
entry . These could cost you 4, 5 or 6 shillings. hundreds of
thousands of people have taken advantage of these day trips ,
who had the idea of ​​Thomas Cook. The railways were to make a big difference for leisure
activities of the Victorians . Not only are the opportunities for
Holidays and day trips has increased , sporting events also increased
in popularity. Special trains and trips were made ​​to take people
for the races , cricket matches or the FA Cup final , which was
held for the first time in 1872.
was not just spectators who
benefited the clubs that were initiated in many
of the cities of Britain could now move out to play
against each other.







  1871 with the advent of the railways people could go on holidays but also the great exhibition ,which was the crowning glory of the british empire ,was held in Hyde Park , the railways enabled thousands to travel to it.

great Exhibition
1851

Thomas Cook began his activity in 1841 , but the Great
Exhibition  gave him his big break .
He booked trains from all over Britain to take people to the
Great Exhibition and charged them a fixed price for the
return trip and the ticket. Overnight  he had invented
the ' Day Out ' . As business grew Cook began to offer
excursions to more and more places, including trips to other
European countries. When the son of Thomas Cook took over
the family business he created overseas tours and
offered a wider choice of excursions. Soon the railroad
companies began to manage their
their own  excursions.

At first , the railway companies  tried to avoid catering to the
masses and preferred to run the trains only offered according to class
and first-class coaches . They also tried to avoid stopping
their trains at each station . But in 1844 the Railways Act
stated that at least one train per day must stop at every station
and include third-class carriages . Now a large number of
Victorian poor  could afford to travel . The rich could also take
their horses with them on special excursions to hunt! The railways were to make a revolution for leisure
activities of the Victorians . Not only  the opportunities for
Holidays and day trips  increased but sporting events also increased
in popularity. Special trains and trips were made ​​to take people
to the races , cricket matches or the FA Cup final , which was
held for the first time in 1872.  not just spectators
benefited but the clubs  could now move out to play
against each other.







In 1888 the Football League was founded. This was made
up of professional teams . It would have been impossible for
the first teams to have traveled to play away
without regular trains . So the railroads were crucial in
the development of professional football in Britain.

But many of these developments affected only the best
people in Britain . For most working people, the important
changes were the day cheap returns that many railroad
companies  began to offer .
As stated Holidays began in 1871 and so began the
the great English tradition of the day at sea , together with
sticks of rock candy , walking along the pier , funfair
rides and fish and chips . The first fish and chip shops
appeared in 1860.
The Victorian age was the greatest period of Railways
in Great Britain. The railways almost completely wiped out everything
other forms of transport and made ​​the long-distance travel
possible for a large number of people for the first
time . Thuis was ther greatest social revolution of all time 
Every town of any importance has been added by
national network , but many smaller towns were not
connected .
This meant that people could, for the first time, live miles away from their places of
work. Around London, suburbs began to develop for the first time and people
traveled up to 20 miles to London to work every day .
 Colonel Charles
Sibthorp , who was a great opponent of the Crystal Palace , was also contrary
the development of the railways. However , he dropped his opposition when he realized
it would be possible for him to travel to and from his constituency in Lincoln
much more quickly.
 For the first time seaside
villages began to flourish. In the past, places like Brighton were only for '
rich, the mid-nineteenth century , more people were able to
enjoy the pleasures of the sea and a great British tradition was created.
In 1888 the Football League was founded. This was made
up of professional teams . It would have been impossible for
the first teams to have traveled to play away
without regular trains .
Around 2,000 spectators paid a shilling each to attend the first FA Cup final, between Wanderers and Royal Engineers, at the Oval in 1872. It was a large attendance in football terms, but but nothing compared to the 20,000 that international cricket matches could attract to the same ground. However, as our table below shows, football attendances grew along with the game’s popularity as the Victorian era progressed.

FA Cup Final gates increased from 6,500 in 1882 to 22,000 in 1889. The 1892 final – the 20th at the Oval – drew a crowd of almost 33,000 spectators. After that, however, Surrey CCC decided that it could no longer allow football to damage its wickets. The final was moved to Fallowfield Stadium in Manchester, then Goodison Park in Liverpool, before finding a new permanent venue at the Crystal Palace. Almost 69,000 attended the FA Cup Final there in 1900.

The great occasion of the FA Cup final drew substantially higher crowds than top league matches. However, league attendances did increase steadily from the Football League’s inception in 1888-89 through to the end of the Victorian era. Our table shows attendances for selected league matches between the two top-supported clubs of each season.So the railroads were very important in
the development of professional football in Britain.

THE BIRTH OF MEN'S FASHION AND THE REGENCY 1st year

In the early 19th century, British dandy Beau Brummell redefined and adapted a new style for men , then popularised it, leading European men to wearing well-cut, tailored clothes, adorned with carefully knotted neckties.  He claimed he took five hours a day to dress, and recommended that boots be polished with champagne.His style of dress is often referred to as dandyism.The simplicity of the new clothes and their sombre colours contrasted strongly with the extravagant, foppish styles just before. Brummell's influence introduced the modern era of men's clothing which now includes the modern suit and necktie. Moreover, he introduced a whole new era of grooming and style, including regular (daily) bathing as part of a man's toilet.Brummell was born in London, the younger son of William Brummell, a politician, of Donnington Grove in Berkshire.

In this regency period, the predominant upper-class clothing introduced by Brummell for day wear was a tightly fitting, with non-matching (usually pale) trousers, pale waistcoat, white shirt and cravat and tall boots.

The linkage of clothing with political protest had become a particularly English characteristic during the 18th century. Given these connotations, dandyism can be seen as a political protestation against the rise of levelling egalitarian principles

Egalitarianism is a trend of thought that favors equality for all people. Egalitarian doctrines maintain that all humans are equal in fundamental worth or social status, 

A dandy (also known as a beau or gallant) is a man who places particular importance upon physical appearance, refined language, and leisurely hobbies, pursued with the appearance of nonchalance in a cult of Self.Historically, especially in late 18th- and early 19th-century Britain, a dandy, who was self-made, often strove to imitate an aristocratic lifestyle despite coming from a middle-class background.Charles Baudelaire, in the later, "metaphysical" phase of dandyism defined the dandy as one who elevates æsthetics to a living religion,  that the dandy's mere existence reproaches the responsible citizen of the middle class:
Aesthetics  is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty. It is more scientifically defined as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste. More broadly, scholars in the field define aesthetics as "critical reflection on art, culture and nature.^"

The Regency era in the United Kingdom is the period between 1811 and 1820, when King George III was deemed unfit to rule and his son, the Prince of Wales, ruled as his proxy as Prince Regent. In 1820 the Prince Regent became George IV on the death of his father.

The term, "Regency era", sometimes refers to a more extended time frame than the decade of the formal Regency. The period between 1795 and 1837 (the latter part of the reign of George III and the reigns of his sons George IV, as Prince Regent and King, and William IV) was characterized by distinctive trends in British architecture, literature, fashions, politics, and culture. If "Regency era" is being used to describe the transition between "Georgian" and "Victorian" eras, the focus is on the "pre-Victorian" period from 1811, when the formal Regency began, until 1837 when Queen Victoria succeeded William IV. If, however, "Regency era" is being contrasted with "the Eighteenth century", then the period includes the later French Revolutionary Wars and theNapoleonic Wars.In the English language the title Prince Regent is most commonly associated with George IV, who held the style HRH The Prince Regent during the incapacity, by dint of mental illness, of his father, George III (see Regent for other regents). Regent's Park,Regent Street and Regent's Canal(which he commissioned) in London where all named in honour of him.

This period is known as the British Regency, or just the Regency

1. What kind of fashion do you like

2,Why is it important to be "in fashion" or fashionable or cool

3. Do you think fashion goes together with what class you belong to? Does fashion classify you? Does it make you part of a certain group

4.Fashion has never been so important as it is now, why?

5. And why does fashion change quickly?

6. What fashion do you hate?